Operation Management Strategy and Analysis free essay sample

The globalization of the economy and the advancement of the exchange markets have detailed new conditions in the commercial center which are portrayed by flimsiness and escalated rivalry in the business condition. Rivalry is consistently expanding regarding value, quality and determination, administration and expeditiousness of conveyance. Expulsion of hindrances, global collaboration, mechanical advancements cause rivalry to strengthen. Every one of these progressions force the requirement for authoritative change, where the whole procedures, association atmosphere and association structure are changed. Reengineering is one methodology for updating the manner in which work is never really bolster the associations strategic lessen costs. Reengineering begins with an elevated level evaluation of the associations strategic, objectives, and client needs. Reengineering may not include replicating yet, such as benchmarking, is an operator for change. What is Reengineering? The term Re-designing methods reexamining or transforming or changing to accomplish radical change so as to be serious, to achieve quick improvement in execution. We will compose a custom paper test on Activity Management Strategy and Analysis or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It intends to re-engineer something that was built quite a while in the past so as to accomplish wanted execution as results. The idea for the most part applies to an association, especially enormous associations that have gotten wasteful after some time that thinks that its hard to be serious utilizing the bygone frameworks of administration, hierarchical procedures and techniques. For authoritative tasks, Reengineering is the principal reconsidering and radical overhaul of business procedures to accomplish emotional enhancements in basic, contemporary proportions of execution, for example, cost, quality, administration and speed. The idea isn't about slight improvement or improving a current procedure. It is tied in with changing what exists. It is about radical change to accomplish noteworthy improvement in execution. Essentially it is tied in with getting change mentality, and with far reaching use it could altogether improve a countries execution. It's anything but a simple undertaking and ought not be attempted with unpracticed individuals. There are demonstrated strategies and apparatuses, however it can just prevail with experienced authority and experts. Numerous enterprises and establishments, open and private, have effectively used this idea to fundamentally improve their financial presentation. * Examples of Reengineering: How much reengineering is useful for an association, we can comprehend it from the accompanying illustrations†* Florida Power and Light Company accomplished a decrease in power blackout per client to 32 minutes, contrasted with 7 hours by its rival, exhaustive reengineering. * CIGNA, a main supplier of protection and related monetary administrations in the United States, detailed that each $1 put resources into reengineering created $2-$3 in brought benefits back. Corning Asahi Video (CAV) Products won Computerworld’s Annual Reengineering Team of the Year Award for finishing a 15-month venture costing $570 million that brought about splitting satisfaction time and diminishing per request requesting costs for CAV by 75%. * Digital Equipment Corporation effectively killed 450 situations through a reeng ineering venture by uniting 55 bookkeeping bunches into only five. * Progressive Insurance, thorugh reengineering, decreased time spent in settling claims from 31 days to only 4 hours. During the period 1987-1992, Banca di America e di Italia (BAI) multiplied its income and ascribed 24% of the expansion to its reengineering endeavors. * Pacific Bell’s first reengineering venture was known as â€Å"Centrex Provisioning,† in which the organization announced 36%-half decrease in cost and over 20% decrease in blunders. * C. R. Britain and Sons, careful reengineering, had the option to decrease its expense of sending its receipt a to simple $0. 15 contrasted with the normal expense of $5. 10 that was acquired during the period 1989-1991. ATamp;T Capital Leasing Services, through reengineering, had the option to expand its deals by 20% and decline its credit endorsement tome by 39%. * Rank Xerox (U. K. ), through reengineering, diminished its request conveyance time from 33 days to 6 days. * Inter-Mountain Health Care of Salt Lake City, through reengineering, decreased disease rates considerably, bringing about a yearly sparing of around $750,000, and cut its unfriendly medication decrease cost by $900,000 every year. What Reengineering Is Not: Careful consideration must be given to what reengineering isn't, on the grounds that much misinterpretation exists in the business world today. Many gloat of reengineering endeavors and undertakings, however in all actuality, few satisfy the meaning of reengineering. Ventures that are not reengineering don't procure the gigantic additions and radical changes innate the approach. Again and again, administrators and chiefs state they have reengineered and, when increases are little or nonexistent, build up a conviction that reengineering doesn't work. This judgment is wrong and regularly deters others from focusing on the reengineering unrest. Reengineering isn't about: * Accomplishing steady or little scope change. Decreasing full-time reciprocals (FTEs) to control costs. * Switching sellers or evolving items. * Offering challenges, trademarks, or contrivances. * Providing quality improvement activities. * Remodeling the physical plant. * Restructuring the association. * Improving procedures. * Developing new administrations. * Automating existing procedures. * Improving frameworks. * Decreasing administrations. * Marketing. * Initiating mergers or joint endeavors. Albeit a considerable lot of these things likely could be methods or results of reengineering, all by themselves, they are not fundamental highlights. The way to effective reengineering is to remain centered around the center highlights and components of the procedure. The best mix-up is to concentrate on the fringe hierarchical components. Disarray and disappointment will by and large outcome, and the general goal of rolling out radical improvements and quantum jumps in execution will never be figured it out. * Types of Reengineering: There are various sorts of reengineering in business, such as†* Performance Management Productivity Analysis: Procedure investigation is a strategy created by mechanical designers to give the most exact and dependable data about what a particular work or position is. Likewise it gives us a reasonable clarification of how a work can be performed to get wanted outcomes, and the amount it costs. * Organization and Method Analysis: Procedure examination discovers regions that need improving and ways and methods of making upgrades. The sort and extent of strategy study will fluctuate contingent upon the motivations behind the examination and the size and nature of the instituion. As a rule an individual frameworks examination would be planned for taking care of one specific issue or breaking down one specific parts of the frameworks of the foundation. * System and Procedure Analysis and Design: While organization strategy and faculty systems must exist inside the structure of a business, numerous organizations make composed arrangement manuals to use as the board guides for work force techniques and friends strategy. * Formal Definition of Business Process Reengineering (BPR): BPR is worried about the transformation of business process and not of PC forms. Reengineering is otherwise called Business Process Reengineering(BPR). Reengineering is â€Å"the key reconsidering and radical update of business procedures to accomplish sensational enhancements in basic, contemporary proportions of execution, for example, cost, quality, administration and speed. (Sledge and Champy, 1993) The definition contains four watchwords: * Fundamental * Radical * Dramatic * Processes * Fundamental: In doing reengineering, businessmen must ask the accompanying most essential inquiries about their organizations and how they work: * Why do we do what we do? * Why do we do it the manner in which we do? Posing these essential inquiries powers individuals to take a gander at the implicit standards and presumptions that underlie the manner in which they direct their organizations. Regularly, these standards end up being out of date, wrong, and improper. Reengineering starts without any suspicions; actually, organizations that embrace reengineering must prepare for the suppositions that most procedures as of now have inserted in them. Reengineering first figures out what an organization must do, and afterward how to do it. Reengineering disregards what is and focuses on what ought to be. * Radical: Radical, got from the Latin word â€Å"radix†, implies â€Å"root†. Subsequently: * Radical overhaul implies getting to the base of things: not rolling out shallow improvements or tinkering with what is as of now set up, however discarding the old. Radical update implies dismissing every single existing structure and techniques, and imagining totally better approaches for achieving work. * Reenginerring is about business re-inventionâ€not business improvement, business upgrade, or business alteration. * Dramatic: Reengineering isn't tied in with making negligible or gradual upgrades, however about accomplishing quantum jum ps in execution. Minor improvement requires just tweaking; emotional improvement requests supplanting the old with something new. Reengineering ought to be acquired just when a need exists for substantial amendment. Three sorts of organizations attempt reengineering†* Companies that wind up in a difficult situation, that is, who are urgent. * Companies that are not yet in a tough situation yet whose administration experiences the premonition to see difficulty coming. * Companies that are in top condition and try to merge and improve their position. * Processes: Process is an assortment (set) of exercises that take at least one sorts of info and make (produce) a yield that is of incentive to the

Reflection in Sport Coaching

Appearance in Sport Coaching Reflection is characterized by Stenhouse 1975 p 144 as a limit with regards to self-governing proficient self-coordinated through precise self-study. Talk about how a mentor uses intelligent practice to improve their instructing execution The focus on this paper is to talk about how a mentor can utilize intelligent practice to improve his/her training. Intelligent practice is a thought utilized in instruction studies and teaching method. It was presented by John Dewey, he characterized reflection as dynamic, steady and cautious thought of any conviction or assumed type of information in the light of the grounds that help it, and the further ends to which it tends (Dewey, 1910). Dewey suggested that before a mentor can accomplish viable reflection three individual qualities been to be in participation. Receptiveness this is the longing to need to learn more than you definitely know Wholeheartedness this is the eagerness to need to become familiar with a particular subject Obligation this is to take the responsibility of your activities, positive or negative. Be that as it may, it is likewise essential to comprehend different meanings of reflection as not all examination has arrived at a concurred definition Jarvis (1992 p180) claims that intelligent practice is something all the more then mindful practice. It is that type of training that tries to problematise numerous circumstances of expert execution so they can become potential learning circumstances thus the professionals can keep on learning, develop and create in and through training. Dewey (1910 p39) characterizes reflection as the dynamic, diligent, and cautious thought of any conviction or assumed type of information in the light of the grounds that help it, and the further end to which it tends. Reid (1993) in her definition additionally noted reflection as a functioning procedure instead of latent reasoning. She states: Reflection is a procedure of looking into an encounter of training so as to depict, break down, assess thus advise finding out about practice.(p305) McKernan (1996) alludes to intelligent instructing as not an information limited arrangement of capabilities which are found out during understudy educating, however on the opposite encouraging that brilliantly bolsters development and demonstrable skill through the scrutinizing ofâ policies, issues and the outcomes of activities. This is valid comparable to the mentor. Pollard (2002) proposes that Reflective instructing is applied in repeating or spiraling procedure, in which educators screen, assess and reconsider their own training constantly. As per Reid (1993) refered to by Ghaye and Lilleyman (1997) intelligent practice is: Potentially both a method of learning and a method of endurance and improvement once formal instruction stops. They accept that intelligent practice is something other than skillto be utilized in one specific setting yet all through life too. Intelligent practice expects experts to step once again from themselves and theâ situation to look at all parts of the educating/learning act, including essentialâ dispositions. It infers that they utilize an observational, scientific survey of their educating andâ that they utilize a good and moral system to direct their examination and modificationâ of instructing conduct. Boise State University (No Date) In 1987 Schon expressed that reflection can occur in two different ways: reflecting in real life and pondering activity. Thinking about activity happens after the training has occurred, this can be helped with the utilization of another mentor offering guidance, or with the utilization of video. Fitzgerald (1994) characterizes reflection on activity as The review thought of training embraced so as to reveal the information utilized in down to earth circumstances, by examining and deciphering the data reviewed. Reflecting in real life alludes to reflection occurring during the action. It very well may be said that pondering activity is taking part in a consistent procedure of quick criticism and alteration by which skilful administrators can conform to conditions and continue elevated levels of adequacy Jackson et al (2004). While exploring a training meeting there various points to think about. The first and most significant part of instructing to contemplate is if the points and accomplishments for the training meeting as well as for the season all in all. Reflection to check whether objectives were accomplished for the season can just happen once the season has wrapped up. The objectives may fluctuate from dominating each match, to attempting to dominate one match, if the objectives are not reached for example the group lost all games then the mentor will realize that his technique for instructing probably won't have been the best to use for the competitors in his group. After a meeting there can likewise be a period for reflection, every meeting ought to have an away from or objective of a particular expertise that should be improved, if toward the finish of the meeting the competitors have gotten progressively proficient in that ability then they meeting can be see as a triumph. Then again nonetheless, on the off chance that the competitors have not improved during the meeting, at that point reflection needs to happen to perceive any reason why this is the situation. Another way that a mentor can utilize reflection to improve their training execution is to assess if there instructing is time and financially savvy. It isn't acceptable training if for instance, it takes an entire meeting to cover an expertise that can be shrouded quickly. To assess if the meeting has been financially savvy, there are various variables to mull over. The first of these is have the competitors improved? On the off chance that they havent, at that point they have paid to pick up nothing. Nonetheless, if the competitor pays next to no for a meeting, where there is just one mentor and a high number of youngsters then the desires for the competitors and guardians will drop. Little youngsters for example under 7s might be just going to the meeting as an option in contrast to looking after children, if the expense of training is not as much as that of utilizing a sitter. A mentor must ensure that what he/she is instructing is fit to the age gathering. For instance, under 7s would not be fit for learning leg turn in cricket. Additionally at the opposite finish of the range you would not have the primary group rehearsing essential penetrates such has hitting a tennis ball off a cone. In some cases notwithstanding, this isn't anything but difficult to get ready for. For instance, a gathering may have broad information on one expertise for example the front food drive, however have no clue how to play a force shot. A mentor can utilize reflection after the meeting to check whether the entertainers have improved at the particular ability. A mentor can consider the utilization of training focuses, there is no utilization in utilizing propelled instructing focuses for competitors who are not experienced for example advising a multi year old to turn their shoulders vertically when playing the front food drive. The equivalent can be said for experienced competitors, you would not let them know for instance to keep their eyes ready when getting it as they will definitely know this. Mentors need to think about showings, for the competitor to learn best the exhibits should be precise and performed from numerous edges. The mentor should likewise ensure that the competitor can see and isn't deterred by another competitor or the mentor himself. The mentor can likewise think about the security, this can be a somewhat simple subject to consider. In the event that there is a physical issue, at that point the explanation behind that injury should be taken a gander at and reflected upon. Wellbeing could likewise be reflected upon when contemplating hardware, the gear that is utilized might be flawed or broken. The entirety of the above are times when reflection can happen. Criticism from various individuals is significant while reflecting about a meeting. The competitor that you are instructing will give the mentor a ton of input; this can extend from the improvement they make to their non-verbal communication. Some progressively first class competitors will comprehend what works for them so will illuminate their mentor how they learn best. It tends to be difficult to decide how much a competitor has improved from the earliest starting point of a meeting as far as possible of one. It is imperative to separate how a lot if a the competitor has picked up so a test like circumstance could be useful to guarantee that the mentor is instructing in a manner that is powerful. For instance, when training tossing in cricket, it very well may be valuable to perceive how far the competitor can toss before any instructing has occurred, so that after the training you can check whether the competitor can toss the ball any further. Different mentors can help while reflecting about a meeting, particularly if the mentor is progressively experienced as well as increasingly qualified. The business can likewise help with reflection, in the event that the business feels that the competitor is improving, at that point the mentor will realize that the manner in which he is instructing is successful. In any case, on the off chance that the business isn't satisfied with the improvement, at that point change should be made. Guardians can likewise assume an enormous job in the intelligent procedure, the guardians may not be content with how a mentor is instructing. This may imply that the mentor should change his instructing strategy, yet just if the parent is educated. Reflection can likewise be supported by the utilization of a video. A video can record the instructing meeting, and give the mentor a prompt to what he/she really does. This can help as it will show exhibits, non-verbal communication and what precisely was said. It will likewise permit the mentor to think back on meetings in the past hoping to perceive how his/her instructing techniques have changed. McKernan concurred: might utilize a video recorder to trap showing execution as proof or dataâ to be examined. All the more significantly, such a film turns into a basic narrative forâ reflecting on practiceresearch can be attempted by responsive techniques such asâ observers, surveys, interviews, discourse diaries or through such non-reactiveâ techniques as contextual analyses, field notes, logs, journals recounted records, documentâ analysis, shadow examines. McKernan (1996) Hanson accepted that requesting that the understudies fill in diaries after every meeting would permit the mentor to reflect appropriately. I

On identity

On identity One What does it take to get to know someone? I hate the feeling that I know so many people in MIT only on the surface-level. Sure, I can tell you their interests, or their hobbies, or where they’re from, or what classes their taking, or where they live, or who their friends are. I have these kinds of conversations all the time, every day. But these don’t make an identity, right? Yet I find it so, so hard to view other people as having an identity other than this. During the long weekend two weekends ago, I went on a retreat with other people from my floor. I remember walking on the beach and talking to one of the upperclassmen. I listened to him tell his life story to me and talk about what he wants to do after college. After the conversation, I realized that I didn’t really know him. Sure, I can tell you his favorite video game, or what student groups he’s in, but before that conversation, I viewed him as just thatâ€"someone who did so-and-so things. Not as someone who made decisions and had questions about what they wanted to do in life and had as many doubts and problems as I have. It seems, by default, that I think other people’s problems aren’t really real in the same way that my problems are real, and that’s what bothers me. It bothers me because it makes my problems feel less real in comparison. It bothers me because it makes my identity feel impoverished. It bothers me because, for the longest time, I defined myself using my interests, and hobbies, and where I’m from, and what classes I’m taking, and where I live. When I introduce myself to people, it’s only natural to talk about these things. I’m CJ. I’m from the Philippines. I live in East Campus. I like math, and writing, and coding. The trouble is that I started thinking about myself as only these thingsâ€"that I’m who I’m from, or what I’m interested in. I’ve done it so much I find it hard to view myself as anything else. And it makes my identity feel weak and small, compared to the identities of the people around me, once I try to get to know them. Two Once upon a time, my defining feature was being good at math. My personality consisted of being good at math and enjoying it, which was in contrast to every one of my classmates back in elementary school. I was the only person I knew who would read recreational math books for fun. I remember owning this one book about mathematical magic tricks that I read and reread. It had dog ears on every other page and a cover with tiny wrinkles and rips. When I entered middle school, I was still pretty good at math. Not the best in my year, but definitely in the top ten or so. Good enough that I represented our school in math competitions. Our team would place fifth or seventh in the whole region, and that would make me happy. I was good at math, and I got noticed for being good at math, and it felt good to be good at math. High school came. There’s this thing that many high school math competitors look up to called the IMO, which you can think of as the Olympics for high school math contests. Each country sends a team of six people, who all come together and do a bunch of math for a week. Thousands and thousands of Filipino high school students every year take this test called the PMO, in the hopes of making the top twenty, out of which the Philippine team to the IMO is selected. And yes, I made the top twenty. I was in the running for the IMO team. For tenth grade, and eleventh grade, and twelfth gradeâ€"but I never made it. I was never good enough to make the IMO team, but I was still pretty good for making it to the top twenty. Good enough that I could still think of myself as being good at math, and I would feel comfortable in that knowledge. Here is my trophy, my achievement, my claim to being good at math. That I could talk to people, and when they find out I was a national finalist, I can feel their respect for me shooting up. It felt good. I’ll admit it. It felt good. I now know dozens of people here at MIT who went to the IMO. I now know dozens of people who didn’t, but were good enough to have won gold medals anyway. I can confidently say they are better than me. I have listened to people talk about math and not understanding it. I have agonized over problems for hours, then told them to someone, then watched them solve it in seconds. I have listened people call problems I don’t know how to solve as easy. These aren’t new experiences. But this is the first time I’ve experienced these for so long, and so often, that I can’t ignore it any more. I still think of myself as good at math. But being at MIT means being surrounded by people who excel in every corner of the universe, and no longer could I define myself by claiming to be one of them. Three I’m gay. I realized this sometime during junior year or so. I didn’t really attach myself to being gay, though, until my senior year. I was in a relationship, I made tweets about all the cute boys in our year, I started writing poetry about being gay, and then I came out. My parents weren’t the most supportive, but to me, that felt like even more reason to identify as gay. My gayness became defiance. Calling myself gay is acknowledging their rejection of my queerness. I could afford to be loud, a privilege that so many other people don’t have, so I wanted to be. And sometimes it feels that I don’t live up to that label. Sometimes it feels that I’m not gay enough. I reached out for pink shirts and rainbow flags, but these aren’t what it means to be gay. I changed my Twitter handle to have a rainbow on it, but that’s not what it means to be gay. I share gay memes and make jokes about the gay agenda, but that’s not it. That’s not it. Part of me feels the need to prove to myself that I was gay. I grew up somewhere so conservative that I was one of a handful of people I knew who were out. Now that I’m at MIT, that’s changed. So many people here are queer, and are proud of it. And that’s great. But it means that I can’t define myself as being gay in contrast any more. I can’t define myself as being gay in contrast to the people around me. It makes me feel like if I’m not gay enough, then all of my loudness will be for nothing. It’s the same thing with how I identify myself as Filipino. Sure, this is truly a label that comes in contrast. I’m one of the handful of international students from the Philippines. Even if you count the Filipino-American community here, there’s still relatively few of us. But part of me feels like I’m not being Filipino enough. Because people here carry their culture with them. My Chinese-American friends make jokes in Chinese and cook dumplings. Two of my friends talk to each other in Estonian; another two talk to each other in Arabic. And what do I have? All of a sudden, I feel like I’m scrambling for anything that will call me Filipino. I picked up this label because I felt the need to identify as my culture, or my background, somehow. Back in the Philippines, I didn’t really think of myself as Filipinoâ€"it wasn’t something I had to consciously do. Now, every day that passes where I don’t speak Tagalog or eat Filipino food or listen to OPM is another day I feel that part of my identity rotting away. Four I’m trying not to confine myself by my identity, but it’s hard. Sadness was my aesthetic for a long time, and I attached my identity to my suffering. I used to have a tumblr blog back in 2015 or 2016, and I would always write about how I angry I was at school, or my family, or how sad I felt. I moved to blogging on AoPS, and it was the same thing. I would blog about how lonely I felt, or how I had no motivation to do things, or why my life sucked. I was so attached to the idea of blogging about sad things that I found it hard to write about anything that wasn’t sad. I’ve tried to avoid this on my blogging here. So I wrote about apples and flu shots and nice walks downtown. When I read it, it reads like my writing, it sounds like my voice, it feels like it’s me, but it doesn’t feel like my blog post. It feels so different from my usual blogging. It’s like I’m wearing a mask, like I’m putting on this persona, like I’m trying to be someone who I am not. But I am this person, right? I made those blog posts, and I like those blog posts. I am allowed to change. I change all the time, but I just don’t catch myself when I’m doing so. And now that I am changing, and now I notice that I’m changing, it feels like I’m watching a glitch in the matrix. The fact that my identity is constantly in flux feels weird, and the fact that I’m totally fine with it is even weirder. Let me explain it differently. Talking to upperclassmen gives me screenshots of how my MIT experience could go. I can see myself loving writing so much that I pursue a major in it. Or pursuing something entirely different, like earth science or management. In one future, I study math, go into academia, become a professor. And in another future, I go into finance, live a comfortable life in some city, and retire early. When I look behind me, I see history as a single strand, carefully threaded through the narrow keyholes of exactly how I wanted it to end up. If I hadn’t gotten into math in elementary, I wouldn’t be here. If I didn’t click the right links while browsing the internet in middle school, I wouldn’t be me. If I didn’t choose to go to MIT, it wouldn’t feel right. So there’s the contradiction. In front of me, I see myself blooming into many beautiful futures, but beside me, I see strands of alternate presents I’m glad I didn’t end up in. If I’m really fine with so many different futures, why am I not fine with a different present? Or, if I’m really fine with how I’ve changed, why am I not fine with how I’m changing? Five But you know what? To hell with it. It’s not as if I wanted to identify myself as being good at math anyway. It’s not as if speaking Tagalog, eating Filipino food, and listening to OPM are what make me Filipino, because rainbow shirts and gay jokes aren’t what make me gay. It’s not as if I can even pin down an identity that will stay with me for the rest of my life. I know that it feels like everyone around me has it all figured out, and I know that this isn’t true. I know that it feels like everyone around me has a more robust identity than I am, and I know this isn’t true. I know that it feels like everyone around me is better than me at everything, but come on. I should know impostor syndrome when I see it, and I should know better than to fall into it. It’s one thing to know, but it’s another thing to believe. And writing this won’t make it any easier to believe any of the things I just said. Writing this won’t make me accept myself. Writing this won’t make me feel better. But I’m writing this anyway, because I’m a writer. I’m a math person. I’m gay. I’m Filipino. I’ll take all of these labels, even if they aren’t fully right. Even if they’ll change. Even if they’re only surface-level descriptions of who I really am. I’ll put myself into boxes, but to hell with squeezing into them.

How To Make a Prototype

Before 1880, every inventor had to present a working model or prototype of his or her invention to the patent office as part of the patent application. You do not have to submit a prototype anymore, however, prototypes are great for several reasons. Legally a prototype proves what is called a reduction to practice. The United States used to hold the  first to invent rule, granting a patent to the first inventor who conceives and reduces the technology or invention to practice, for example, a working prototype or a well-written description. Today the United States follows the first to patent rule. However, a prototype is invaluable for business dealings if your invention is still at that stage of funding. Do not underestimate the power of having one.You can include photos of your prototype in your inventors log book.A prototype helps you figure out any design flaws your invention has and if it really works.It can help you make sure your invention is the right size, shape, and form.A prototype helps you sell or license an invention. You can use it during demonstrations.Making one can prepare you to write your patent application and make your patent drawings. How to Make a Prototype Some of the steps listed below apply in different ways to different types of inventions, for example, a simple wooden toy vs a complex electronic device. Use your common sense to apply the steps in ways that make sense to your individual case. Make a drawing(s) of your invention. If available use the descriptions or drawing from your inventors log book. Keep all the sketches in your logbook.If you know how you might want to make a CAD drawing of your invention. Simple CAD (computer-aided design) programs exist that you might be able to use yourself.Make a non-working model of your invention out of foam, wood, metal, paper, cardboard. This will test your inventions size and form.Make or plan how to make a working model of your invention. Depending on your invention, you might be casting in metal or plastic. Write down all the materials, supplies and tools you may need and identify the steps needed to assemble your prototype. You might need simple to complex engineering drawings for any electronics. At this stage, you might want to pick up a book or kit on prototyping. You might need to contact professional for quotes on what any work you need to be done will cost.You have to figure out how much a working prototype will cost to make. Remember one copy might be very expensive to make. Mass production brings down the cost per unit. If you can make your own prototype and you can afford it, do it.Do your research on the latest methods and alternatives. For example, plastic injection molds are expensive, however, a method of CAD called Rapid Prototyping is an alternative.Depending on your invention, your prototype might be very expensive to make. If that is the case you might want to produce a virtual prototype. Today, computer programs can simulate an invention in 3D and can test that an invention does work. Virtual prototypes can be made by a professional and they cost a thousand or more. They can make you a video or CD animation of your invention working.You may have to create a real working model of your invention if perhaps a buyer or licensee demands one.You may have to hire a professional prototyper, engineer or designer at some point in this process. Our Prototyping Resources includes directories of professionals. Before Hiring a Prototype Maker Discuss your project thoroughly. Make sure that you can communicate well to this person.In advance, agree on fees for the entire project. Prototype makers can charge very high fees by the hour.Tell them exactly what you want to include with as many details as possible. Include your drawings and possibly your virtual prototype files.Make sure anyone you talk to signs a nondisclosure agreement with you before you publicly disclose your invention.

A Company Is Employing Greenwashing Tactics Essay

The participant illustrated this using the example that with the growing number of eco claims within the market, it shows this strategy to be working. According to the research participant the most obvious sign that a company is employing greenwashing tactics is the obvious use of environmental images, such as pure landscapes, with no context to the image. Additionally the participant pointed out that terms such as eco, or enviro-friendly would normally be used; however, the product will not supply evidence of this indicating the claim in unsubstantiated. Furthermore, companies may make broad claims giving consumers the perception that they possess an environmentally friendly element, without there being one, just the implication of one. According to the research participant, within New Zealand there are various forms of legal greenwashing, the example provided being the BNZ bank investing in a Kiwi recovery program, while at the same time investing in oil exploration. The participant also described legal greenwashing tactics as those using ambiguous claims by advertising and terms that imply nature, such as those which leave the consumer with the perception that it is good for the world only it is the opposite. Within New Zealand, according to the participant, the only instance where greenwashing is illegal is when the product implicitly claims to do something it does not. To explain this concept the research participant provided an example using theoretical soap, â€Å"‘usingShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Greenwashing As A Marketing Strategy1490 Words   |  6 Pagesabout the interview participant. Findings and Discussion Interview Findings From the research interview it was established that greenwashing as a marketing strategy is effective because there is an increasing amount of consumers concerned about the state of the environment and this creates a legitimate market. Primarily, this effectiveness is due to the fact that greenwashing has the capability to create and sustain a new market, as the interview participant mentioned that individuals who are concernedRead MorePerceptions And Perceptions Of Consumer Behavior Essay1467 Words   |  6 PagesIn attitude-behaviour relationships, the Theory of Reasoned Action states that consumer behaviours are constructed by their attitudes, and the attitude itself is the result of the consumers’ perception (Fishbein Ajzen, 1975). With regards to greenwashing, research has found that this attitude-behaviour relationship could manipulate the perception of consumer (see table 2 for perceptions and explanations), for instance, perceived deception (Newell et al., 1998), per ceived scepticism (Albayrak etRead MoreGreening Energy Marketing1543 Words   |  6 Pagesrivers for the production of energy and commodities. Nevertheless, corporations often draw from symbolically rich environmental imagery and fasten it to advertising campaigns in an attempt to bolster a socially conscious image. In this process of â€Å"greenwashing†, corporations reputations and products are intimately linked to promotional culture by attempting to represent itself as sustainable, progressive, and trustworthy in the public eye while ignoring the implications of unethical production and excessiveRead MoreCsr Green Washing6648 Words   |  27 PagesResponsibility programs on brand image? In recent years CSR programs have become a marketer’s tool rather than the way a business should operate, with ethical trading in mind. These practices of making a product seem ‘Green’ when it is not are greenwashing and have had a major impact on consumer behaviour r egarding these products. To unearth the truth behind these practices an interview with a major at a Marriott hotel branch was conducted resulting in the overall impression that although the businessRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility - the Case of de Beers3225 Words   |  13 Pagesresponsible for their actions socially and environmentally. There is an increasing trend by businesses to adopt Corporate Social Responsibility Practices. This paper attempts to define the reasons why this is so, and what strategic issues are faced by companies who adopt these practices. The issue of Corporate Social Responsibility will then be highlighted in a case study of De Beers, the worlds leading diamond producer. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Ââ€" AN INTRODUCTION Research into the topic ofRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )2509 Words   |  11 PagesCorporate social responsibility (CSR), has been the centre of debate since the last decade, with the increase in technology and globalization, company policies have come under a lot of scrutiny. Although this issue is not relatively new but with the hype of increasing media coverage and in the wake of high profile corporate scandals (Enron, WorldCom) the emphasis has mounted (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2013). Organizations play a vital and ever so increasing role in the lives of people, other organizationsRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 Pagesachieving desired responses from other parties. Answer: E Page Ref: 5 Objective: 2 Difficulty: Moderate 4) A social definition of marketing says ________. A) effective marketing requires companies to remove intermediaries to achieve a closer connection with direct consumers B) a company should focus exclusively on achieving high production efficiency, low costs, and mass distribution to facilitate the broadest possible access to the companys products C) marketing is the process by

Trans-national tourism corporation Free Essays

string(73) " have a better connection with the local suppliers and the distributors\." Introduction There are various of interpretations to what Trans-national Tourism Corporation means. However, this essay will suggest that Trans-national Tourism Cooperation (TNC) as Hampton (2011) suggested that it has been defined as large firms with subsidiaries in 2 or more countries. Hall suggested that TNCs are where the organisational behaviour ideas are an approach for marketing and promotion in the global market. We will write a custom essay sample on Trans-national tourism corporation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mowforth and Munt states that 80% of mass tourism is dominated by TNCs and around 80% of tourists who travel by air to a less-developed country (LDC) will stay at hotels owned by TNCs. (Britton, 1991) TNCs benefits from vertical integration as it helps to reduce transaction cost because there is no ‘middle-man’ to deal with and the size of TNCs also mean that they will benefit from economies of scale. TNCs are also known as multinational companies. Tourism for the Trans-national co-operation is the centre point, and specifically more focused on Less Developing Countries. The first advantage of a TNC according to Mowforth and Munt Japanese Tourist arriving there from Tokyo. The tourist is transferred with a luxurious car Honda from the airport and stays at the Japanese owned Hotel as well as eats all the authentic Japanese food. However, travels back to Tokyo in the Hondo and explains that Japan is a good Third World destination. Furthermore, there could have been a BMW and an international hotel- but the point is argued that it is the main ownership that has made the benefit for the Tourism Industry. This now means that only the small proportion of the money is spent in the country itself so this connects to leakage as Mowforth and Munt adds that this does not just mean the purchase goods by the tourist in a destination also looks at goods and services by hotels and all other organisations. Leakage is not the main d of disadvantage for all financial aspects as Tourists itself but it is highly in use of Third World Countries. Mowforth and Munt say that the level of leakages is highly important the reason for this is this affects the economic power which is held by the TNCs for all local communities and government. What should be taken into account that due to not having a relevant collective data it is very difficult to calculate the leakage in a Tourist destination. Second advantage for a TNC in a poor country is having a TNC is powerful for the industrialisation especially for all the Asian countries where there needs to be rural development. Therefore, the government makes the farming prices quite low- and saves money; takes cheap food so the workers do not demand high wages. With the positive side to having a TNC this creates a good form of power for the poor people in LDCs as the TNCs clearly know the wants and the basic needs of the poor people and making sure they are getting what they deserve. (Madeley, J. 2003) A general advantage for the TNCs is having more a Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) as this heavily benefits the Tourism factor. Nusa Dua in Bali is encouraging the TNCs to develop their restorts. FDIs are usually very good for funding for local or government projects that the country wants to run. This benefits Bali, by having a better economy, better jobs for the locals making Bali a better destination. This has helped Bali to succeed to be a better destination and improve its roads. This would mean more Tourists would now come into Bali and this will benefit them as a flourished economy. An disadvantage of a TNC reported by Pattullo in Mowforth and Munt (2005:51:-2)- this shows that there is a high level of leakage it is an overall of 50-70% but it states that for Jamaica it is 37% as this is known as more of a assorted economy therefore, the leakages here can be a lot lower then anywhere else. So this in general states that the money paid into the country never actually reaches the Third World Destination itself therefore, this is not a successful way for the country to expand economically. Another disadvantage is that all the First World Tourists who fly to a Third World Tourist destination- are mass tourists. The reason being for this is that they fly and possibly stay in a hotel which is TNS owned- these tourists may not form a mass or alternative tourism and may not be seeking for, adventure, wildlife and authenticity. This is not a huge factor but, mass tourism is becoming more of a straight focus however, they are being affected by the new, sustainable and alternative forms of tourists. An disadvantage of having a monopoly firm and the TNC being in control of this is being in contention with the mass tourism being contend of the Third World Tourism which often is different, and causes a lot of problems of dependency, and exchange leakages with under-developed economies by foreign owned enclaves. (Brohman, J 1996) So the important aspect of this is that the TNC must address the issue of sustainability. Carothers in Mowforth and Munt (1993:15) quoted that the final touches of the Earth Summit (agenda 21) the main focus was to remove the TNCs from the text of the Agenda 21. Agenda 21- is when there is aware of the environment being eco-friendly as well being sustainable. In the Third World Country it had to be clear that they knew what the term â€Å"multinational operate†. All the governments also needed to know what a Trans-national cooperation did for them was to gain more stability and have an increase in the legal rights. (Hamed, D 2005) The impact on all the human resources is an encouragement in employment and as the TNC has an increasing wage levels. The local firms- which are Tourism related (TNCs) make more connection with the suppliers and the distributors which makes a good business when they make the effort to have a better connection with the local suppliers and the distributors. You read "Trans-national tourism corporation" in category "Essay examples" However, there is no proof of how the TNC if they are crowding over the local firm. (Hamed, D 2005) Advantage of a TNC is that they are usually very small in most of the developing economies, because much of the involvement takes the non-equality forms. Some of the government assists the main development of the infrastructure itself. The new technology that can be introduced in a developing country and different management skills can make the Less Developing Country a lot better. (Hamed, D 2005) Another disadvantage stated by Mowforth and Munt is that the British tour operators are not aware of visiting Burma the reason being for the unawareness is purely the ethical reasons. As hotels were being built by the TNCs- Asia countries of: Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea and Thailand, with also French and Swiss Interests were very involved. Tourism in Burma is a good example of with a lot of interest to the government itself. But in many Less Developed countries the government and the TNCs and the case of Burma itself (SPDC) enlisted the assistance of this body. However, the clarity of the human rights and the nature and the culture Tourism and the leaflets of the tourism companies will praise all its virtues. Mowforth and Munt acknowledge that it is very important that the understanding and the issue of power is transparent strong if the destination wants a development. The TNCs commonly under the impression that the community has a strong and that the locals are in work by the power for the rest of the national government. This is a case some but not all. But the policies of the national government itself are in some situations influenced by the external organisations. The policies for the development of tourism are largely suitable for profits and for First World investors rather then the communities and the government itself. Another strong case study to support this essay is that the FDI- has been considered towards a strong factor of the economic development. The TNCs in the imports industry especially for Argentina and Brazil, there has been a strong relation of the TNCs being involved in the manufacturing industry just before the recent FDI boom took place. (Chudnovsky, D and Lopez, A 2004) The TNCs in Argentina and Brazil showed a significant amount of performance with a high level of technology and the productivity which was related to the TNCs. But, for the domestic market they wanted to take advantage of their own domestic markets itself. However, the TNCs did its best and used its own strategies for all different areas for all its economic development for the host country itself.There had been a huge number of arrivals of the FDI itself for all the presences of the TNCs as the economies increased in the 1990s. In this particular case Argentina and Brazil gained a very strong level with all the TNCs which were present. All the investments made by the TNCs aimed to increase all the assets, and with a better market. ( Chudnovsky, D and Lopez, A 2004) As competition becomes more of a wider spread- the TNC then has simple integration strategies. All the TNC searches are done very effectively with a range of assets in all the different locations. More than 50% of the TNCs sales In Brazil as compared with the number of sales itself as these were hardly even 25% the figure seems significantly low. Since the Brazilian Industry- it is not a major surprise to find that the TNCs in the country are more of an export orientated then of Argentina itself. The TNCs within the groups are Tourist operated with a much of a generally larger coefficients in Argentina and Brazil. ( Chudnovsky, D and Lopez, A 2004) ( Chudnovsky, D and Lopez, A 2004) suggests that the Brazilian Tourist Industry itself has much of a widespread the reason being for this is due to the number of linkages between the elements of being spread around than Argentina. In general this suggests that the TNCs have looked at the domestic market itself rather than the any of the human resources itself. This means that the TNCs have their goods that are more strategic in relationship to the firm’s performance at all national and regional level. In Argentina the TNCs clearly affect the imports and the exports. This is due to the relationship of all the sales and a result of a down side in the negative foreign trade balances. In Brazil similarly the TNCs for all the domestic firms are at a higher rate and grow incredibly faster. In Argentina and Brazil there has been an FDI (Foreign Directive Investment) which has helped the TNCs become more recognised as a main leader in Argentina and Brazil. The key linkages between the Foreign Directive Investment and The Foreign Trade show that the TNCs have had a bigger contribution than all the national firms itself. However, there is a higher chance for the imports with the local enterprises. From, the whole research of Brazil and Argentina the TNCs have had a lot less linkages with the local community itself then the domestic firms. From the research Brazil and Argentina has TNCs but with a reduce amount of linkages with the local community itself than the domestic firms. ( Chudnovsky, D and Lopez, A 2004) In conclusion to this essay despite the fact the concerns over TNCs on the Less Developed Country having TNCs are very beneficial for a host country. Additionally, the government has to make sure that they are fully in power with this and this situation should not be changed around as the government should be powerful enough to help a host country. Every point that was discussed in this essay has some understanding to the aspect of the impacts and the implications of the TNCs in some LDCs. From the understanding of the TNCs it is felt that International Tourists tend to understand better to what TNCs do and how they will profit the Less Developed countries- due to the complications in an Less Developed Country not having enough educated people therefore, the International Tourists will look at the wider focus of the capitalist mode as the product if recognised can not be in separation. (Jenkins, R 1987) References Brohman, J (1996) New Directions in Tourism for Third World Development (Online), 23 (1), 48-70 Available from: http://www.stepuptravel.org/downloads/library/new_directions_for_tourism_in_third_world.pdf (Accessed 23 March 2011) Chudnovsky, D and Lopez, A (2004) Trans-national Corporations Strategies and Foreign Trade Patterns in Mercosur Countries in the 1990s (Online), Cambridge Journal of Economics 28 (5), 1-18, Available from: http://www.law.wisc.edu/gls/documents/foreign_investment_recommended2.pdf (Accessed 21 February 2011) Hamed, D (2005) What is Agenda 21(Online). Avaliable from: http://www.lbhf.gov.uk/external/la21/index.htm (Accessed 20 March 2011) Hampton, M. (2011) Lecture Slide 6 on Trans-national Tourism Jenkins, R, Fist Edition (1987) Trans-national Corporations and Uneven Development. London Madeley, J. 2003 Transnational Corporations and Developing Countries Big Business Poor Peoples (Online) The Courier ACP-EU no 196 January-February 2003 Available from: (http://ec.europa.eu/development/body/publications/courier/courier196/en/en_036_ni.pdf) [Accessed 30 March 2011] Mowforth, M., and Munt, I Third Edition (2008) Tourism and Sustainability Development, Globalisation and New Tourism in the Third World War. Routledge, London Scheyvens, R. (2002) Tourism for Development. Prentice Hall, London. Harrison, D., (2001) Tourism and the Less Developed World. CABI, Wallingford. How to cite Trans-national tourism corporation, Essay examples

You Decide Virginia Pollard Essay Example

You Decide Virginia Pollard Essay You Decide Project Virginia Pollard worked as a cashier and clerk for Teddy Supplies, a family-owned chain of film production equipment supply stores in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. During a routine performance evaluation, Virginias supervisor at Teddys complained that she made too many personal phone calls when she worked in the West Orange store. The supervisor noted this on Virginias annual review, and warned her to keep personal calls to a bare minimum while at work. Soon thereafter, Teddy transferred Pollard to guard film equipment in the main warehouse behind the storefront; Virginia couldnt make personal calls there, and her work became exemplary. Her performance evaluation three months after her transfer was meeting expectations with no negative comments. Virginia Pollard was the only woman working in the warehouse, and she was often the victim of pranks perpetrated by her six male colleagues. Her co-workers taped her drawers shut, locked her out of the guard shack she sat in to watch the inventory, filled the guard shack with trash, and backed a forklift up to the door and made it backfire in her ear. One day a Teddy delivery driver sat in Pollards chair and, when she tried to push him out of it, he bent her over his lap and spanked her. Pollards new supervisor, Steve King, rarely enforced Teddys rules against smoking, horseplay, foul language, and sexual harassment, and often indulged in such behaviors himself. We will write a custom essay sample on You Decide Virginia Pollard specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on You Decide Virginia Pollard specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on You Decide Virginia Pollard specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Teddys had a written sexual harassment policy which included a method for employees to report sexual harassment the method included filing a complaint with the direct supervisor unless the direct supervisor was the perpetrator. In that event, the employee was to file the complaint online at www. ReportTeddysafely. com. The form for reporting was a one page document. A copy of the policy which Virginia Pollard signed is located here. The policy specifically states, In the event of a violation of this policy, employees should report the violation to their direct supervisor, unless doing so would put the employee at risk of further discrimination or harassment. In that case, the employee should report using the company website form which will submit the incident to Human Resources. Pollard never filed a complaint with Steve King, her supervisor; she also did not file a complaint at the website, although she claimed she told King in July 2008 that she felt she was being picked on by the guys she worked with. She claims Steve King told her to grow some balls and to get over herself. She testified during the NJ Human Rights Commission hearing that she tried to file an anonymous complaint but the website wasnt working the day she tried to do so. In August of 2008, King and the other warehouse workers put a sign on a truck that read HARDHAT REQUIRED/BRA OPTIONAL. King and another employee called Pollard over to look at the sign and encouraged her to do as it said. She refused and tried to walk away. King promised not to report her to management, whereupon she lifted one side of her shirt in the back and exposed part of her bra on her backside. Upper management learned of the incident that October by a co-worker who filed an anonymous complaint online. After a brief investigation, Pollard was fired for exposing her bra. None of the men were disciplined. A man replaced Pollard in the guard shack. That November, Pollard filed a charge of sex discrimination with the New Jersey Commission on Human Rights. The Commission found that Pollard had been the victim of sex discrimination and that Teddys reasons for firing her were pretext, and awarded her back wages and damages. Teddys appealed to the circuit court, including in their case that Pollard had committed several infractions, including participating in the spanking incident. They reported that Pollard had failed to report any sexual harassment and included a copy of their sexual harassment policy as part of their defense case. The Circuit Court found that Teddy did have good reason to discipline Pollard but that firing her was in fact disparate treatment when compared with the utter lack of discipline given to King. The circuit court reversed the Commissions award of damages because it believed that Teddy had been right to discipline Pollard, but they ordered Teddys to reinstate Pollard to her old position. Pollard appealed to the New Jersey Court of Appeals and refused to accept her job back. Sexual Harassment Policy: Teddys Supplies Sexual Harassment Policy All employees of Teddys Supplies are required to read and follow this policy. This policy was implemented on January 1, 2002, and is in effect until further notice. Scope of Policy This policy prohibits any illegal discrimination or harassment of any employee by another employee, co-worker, supervisor, or vendor. All employees are entitled to a harassment and discrimination free environment. The company has a zero-tolerance policy with respect to harassment or discrimination. A safe work environment is the goal of Teddys Supplies. Responsibility and Reporting structure All employees are responsible for following this policy. In the event of a violation of this policy, employees should report the violation to their direct supervisor, unless doing so would put the employee at risk of further discrimination or harassment. In that case, the employee should report using the company website form which will submit the incident to Human Resources. Employees have the option of anonymously reporting incidents, but doing so does not provide the employee with any protection under the law. (Access the reporting form on the benefits page of the intranet. Behavior Banned All illegal, discriminatory, or harassing behavior is prohibited. Discipline invoked Employees found to violate this policy may be terminated, suspended from work without pay, or transferred. This document will be considered the warning in the event of termination. No other warning is required. In the event a suspension or transference is a result of a violation of this policy, any 2nd offense will be met with immediate dismissal. In the event a compla int against an employee is made, the employee will have the right of defense at a hearing prior to termination. This hearing will be held by the CEO and Director of HR, or by a committee created at their request or direction. No retaliation Employees will not be retaliated against making for valid complaints. In the event it is determined that an employee has filed a fraudulent complaint, this will be grounds for disciplinary action, including suspension without pay, transference or termination. Limitation period All complaints for violations of this policy must be made within 90 days of the occurrence of the behavior or they are waived under this policy. Signed: 2004 Virginia Pollard Date: 8-12- You Decide Question #1: Teddys Supplies CEO has asked you to advise him on the facts of the case, and your opinion of their potential liability. He wants to settle the case. Write a memo to him which states your view of whether the company is exposed to liability on all issues you feel are in play. Include in your memo any laws which apply and any precedential cases either for or against Teddys case which impact liability. Include in the memo your suggested offer of settlement to Virginia. Back up your offer using your analysis of the case against Teddys. (Points: 30) As an advisor, I would inform Teddys Supplies CEO the situation is Virginia Pollard, the only woman working in the warehouse, is filing charges against the company for sexual harassment. The fact of the matter is the employees in the warehouse are guilty of disparate treatment towards Virginia Pollard as warehouse workers put a sign on a truck that read HARDHAT REQUIRED/BRA OPTIONAL along with other discriminatory actions (pranks, spanking incident, etc. ). However, per the Sexual Harassment Policy implemented by the company, Virginia did not ever file sexual harassment complaints when given the opportunity to. As a conclusion, I believe Teddys Supplies as a company, is responsible for the hostile work environment created around Virginia Pollard; my advice would be to offer a settlement to Virginia Pollard in the amount of $5,000. I believe the $5,000 is a sufficient settlement because according to Burlington Industries v. Kimberly Ellerth case, I believe that Virginia Pollard was been a victim of a hostile work environment. You Decide Question #2: The Circuit Court overturned the decision of the NJ Human Rights Commission which had found that Pollard was the victim of Sexual Harassment and disparate treatment. Please answer these questions: A. Define sexual harassment, including both quid pro quo and hostile environment harassment. Which type(s) do you feel Pollard was a victim of (if either. ) Provide law or a case to support your position. If you feel Pollard was not a victim of harassment in this case, explain why you feel that way, and provide law or a case to support your position. (10 points) B. Name an appellate court case where an employer was found liable for either quid pro quo or hostile environment sexual harassment. Describe the facts of the case, and the decision the court came to in the case. Explain whether you think that case applies to Pollards case (why or why not) and whether you would want to use this case in Teddys favor or whether Pollard may use it in her favor. Include the citation to the case and a link to it online. (10 points) C. Do you agree that Pollard was disparately treated? Why or why not? In your answer, define disparate treatment. 10 points. ) D. Does the existence of a sexual harassment policy provide a defense to Teddys in this case? Why or why not? (Include the name and citation of at least two federal or state sexual harassment case(s) which provide precedential support to your defense statement. ) (10 points. ) (Points: 40) A) Sexual harassment is the act of inappropriate actions insinuating sexual conduct. The two types of sexual harassmen t are quid pro quo and hostile work environment. Quid pro quo is the action of getting something for giving something of value. Hostile work environment is when an employer engages in inappropriate behavior making the working place not up to reasonable standard. According to Burlington Industries v. Kimberly Ellerth, I believe that Virginia Pollard was a victim of a hostile work environment. In this case the Supreme Court ruled that workers can still bring sexual harassment cases against employers even if the harassment is not reported. B) A court case when the employer was found liable for sexual harassment is the Burlington Industries v. Kimberly Ellerth. In this case, Kimberly described her experiences at work as feeling humiliated and embarrassed. Kimberly also claimed to be an emotional and mental victim of sexual harassment by her supervisor but never reported the incidents to anyone at work. This case applies to Virginia Pollards case and I would want to use this case in her favor because she has been the victim to humiliation when her coworker bent her over his lap and spanked her. This case applies directly to Virginia Pollard because even though she never filed a complaint with her supervisor Steve King, nor did she file a complaint at the website online, she can still bring sexual harassment cases against employers even if the harassment is not reported. http://www. law. cornell. edu/supct/html/97-569. ZO. html) C) I do agree that Pollard was disparately treated. Disparate treatment is mistreatment of employees differently because of their membership in a certain protected class (Race, Color, Religion, National Origin, Sex). In this case, Pollards employees treated her with discriminatory conduct because she was the onl y woman working in the warehouse when the sign posted on a truck read HARDHAT REQUIRED/BRA OPTIONAL. This sign discriminated Virginia Pollard because she was the only woman in the warehouse amongst six other employees. D) The existence of sexual harassment policy does not provide a defense to Teddys in this case. Even though Teddys policy provides the opportunity for employees to report misconduct, it does not dismiss the employer from being liable for conduct of employees. Two cases that support this are the Burlington Industries v. Ellerth case and Burrell v. Star Nursery, Inc. Both of these cases state that the employer must be liable for the sexual harassing conduct of their supervisors even if they neither knew nor should have known that the misconduct was occurring. You Decide Question #3: Review the sexual harassment policy which Teddys has in place and which Virginia Pollard signed. Virginia Pollard claims she had planned to make an anonymous complaint but the website allowing that was down on the day she tried to do so. During the Human Rights Commission case, a review of the website statistics shows that Virginia accessed the website for downloading dental coverage forms at least three times during the time frame of the alleged discrimination. The commission determined that this ability of Teddys to track employees use of the site was a violation of their anonymity and therefore, refused to consider this information. The circuit court did consider this in their decision. Provide three recommendations to the CEO for a way to ensure that employees in the future can not claim technical issues for why they didnt make a complaint. Explain, in your recommendations, the legal consequences to an employee if they do not utilize the complaint mechanism of the sexual harassment policy. Support these recommendations with current case law. (Points: 20) Three recommendations I would make to the CEO of Teddys to ensure that employees in the future could not claim technical issues for why they didnt make a complaint would be providing alternative options in reporting this matter. The three recommendations I would give to the CEO of Teddys would be: 1) Create a drop box/1-800 number/multiple parties employees could contact in order to file their complaints into so anonymity still existed. The legal consequence to an employee for not utilizing the complaint mechanisms would be negligence. The addition of the additional options juxtaposed with the existing online reporting option gives each employee an additional opportunity to report any sexual harassment cases at the workplace or at home. Similar to Brenneman v. Famous Daves of America, the legal consequence to the employee for not reporting events of sexual harassment would be the employer being able to defend themselves from sexual harassment allegations having given the employee almost any opportunity to report this misconduct. ) Implement a periodic harassment training to supervisors and employees to ensure that they know and remember that they must take the appropriate action to avoid sexual harassment law suits. By training the employees and supervisors of this sexual harassment periodically, it constantly reminds them of the differences of appropriate and inappropriate behavior and what actions to take in the i nstances of misconduct. In addition to the training, prompt and swift implementation for correction action must be taken to those found guilty of misconduct. Moreover, due to Suders v. Pennsylvania State Police employers should also train their supervisors to know that the burden of proof dismissing them from any liability is also their responsibility in the case a sexual harassment suit. 3) Become more involved in every aspect of the company. Spend time with each department within the company to exercise reasonable care to prevent or correct any harassing behavior. By doing this, the employer may then claim affirmative defense because a) the company has an effective internal complaint procedure for reporting incidents of workplace harassment, and (b) the employee unreasonably failed to take advantage of that procedure. Upon any misconduct, the legal consequence for the employee not reporting the misconduct would be the employer using affirmative defense to his advantage. You Decide Question #4: How would Pollards case be impacted if her replacement had been a female? Would her case be different? Would her damages be different? Explain your answer. (Points: 10) Pollards case could be viewed differently if Pollards replacement had been a female, because Teddys had initially fired her for exposing her bra. If Pollard had been replaced by another woman, I dont think it would be viewed as disparate treatment because it would have been just seen as personal misconduct. In addition, if Pollards replacement had been a woman, the Circuit Court may have supported Teddys discipline to Pollard and still reversed the Commissions award of damages because it believed that Teddy had been right to discipline Pollard.

How the Trucking Industry Can Help End Distracted Driving

How the Trucking Industry Can Help End Distracted Driving Distracted driving is an epidemic claiming far too many lives each year. One company, KRST (Keeping Roads Safe Technologies, Inc.) is ready to take that epidemic on, and is currently looking for partners within the trucking industry to help them fight it. The Halifax-based company proposes to monitor how, when, and why truckers use their mobile phones while driving. The company has designed two devices to be installed in any company vehicles that would collect and analyze this information. The first, CellAware, would give trucking companies precise data about their employees’ cell phone usage on the road. The second, KRSTI, would actually delay all calls and text messages on a driver’s phone until his or her vehicle’s engine had been turned off.The devices could also provide valuable information about mileage, fuel consumption, and location-tracking, as well as distance travelled without incident, all the while monitoring and reporting any attempted calls, texts, or tampering with the vehicle in motion.KRST plans to manufacture 5,000 of these devices and kick off the program- at no charge to the participating companies- in January 2016. Companies wanting to get involved should call +1 844-993-4357.

Why You Should Write Practice Tests While You Study

Why You Should Write Practice Tests While You Study One of the best ways to score high grades is to create your own practice tests. It’s a little extra work while you’re studying, but if that investment results in higher grades, it’s definitely worth it. In their book, The Adult Student’s Guide to Survival Success, Al Siebert and Mary Karr advise: Imagine that you are the instructor and have to write some questions that will test the class on the material covered. When you do this for each course you will be amazed at how close your test will match the one your instructor creates. Creating a Practice Test While youre taking notes in class, write a Q in the margin beside material that would make a good test question. If you take notes on a laptop, assign a highlighter color to the text, or mark it in some other way that is meaningful to you. You can find practice tests online, but these will be tests for special subjects or exams, like the ACT or GED. These wont help you with your particular test, but they can give you a good idea of how test questions are stated. Remember that your teacher wants you to succeed. The best way to find out what kind of test he or she gives is to ask. Explain to him or her that you want to write your own practice tests, and ask if they will tell you what format the questions will take so you can make the most of your study time. Siebert and Karr suggest that as you read your textbooks and lecture notes, jot down questions that occur to you. You’ll be creating your own practice test as you study. When you’re ready, take the test without checking your notes or books. Make the practice as real as possible, including giving partial answers when you aren’t sure and limiting the time allowed. Suggestions for Practice Tests In their book, Siebert and Karr make a few practice test suggestions: Ask at the beginning of the course when tests will be given and in what formatWrite your practice tests in the format your teacher will use (essay, multiple choice, etc.)Ask the librarian if there is a collection of old exams you can studyFind out if there is a student manual that accompanies your textbookAsk former students about the kind of tests your teacher givesAsk your teacher for suggestions for test prepAsk a friend, family member, or fellow student to quiz you Test Question Formats Familiarize yourself with the different kinds of test question formats: Multiple Choice: You are given three or more choices and must select the correct answer. Sometimes, all of the above is a choice.True or False: These are usually used when you are being required to memorize facts. They are often tricky. Read them carefully.Fill-in-the-Blank: These are similar to multiple choice except that you must know the answer without being given choices.Essay or Open-Ended: These questions test your comprehension of a subject. Youll be given a question that you must answer at length, giving specific examples, or you may be given a statement to agree or disagree with. These may sound challenging to you, but if you know your stuff, this type of test question also allows you to shine. Be ready and make the most of the opportunity. Source Siebert, Al, Ph.D. The Adult Students Guide to Survival Success. Mary Karr MS, 6th edition, Practical Psychology Press, July 1, 2008.

The importance and value of crossing of disciplinary and artistic Assignment

The importance and value of crossing of disciplinary and artistic borders - Assignment Example As seen in the interview, this is not anew strategy because it has been in use for a long time now. Its invention, as evidenced in the artist’s argument really revolutionized art. By combining the elements of traditional art to the new found media, the artist managed to produce amazing oil portraits, an aura that played a very significant role in making art to be perceived to be having a political influence in the society. However, for this kind of artwork to be properly made, a proper choice of the sturdy foundation should be made for all the layers included in the artwork. Indeed, mixed media art is a noble idea because it has lots of benefits to the artists and consumers of artwork. Its first advantage is that it is const-friendly. As compared to the traditional art, mixed media art is a very cheap initiative as it does not have many expenses. Since it is not restricted to the use of only one particular medium, the artist is free to choose to use a variety of objects including newspapers, oil paint, clothes, sculpture, textile, ink, pieces of wood, graphite or household glue. All of these do not necessarily need to be bought because a large number of them like newspapers and pieces of wood can be easily found and collected from the immediate environment. Besides, mixed media art can be used in expressing political views. Over the years, art has been used as a very powerful tool in politics. As indicated in the article, the use of oil portraits played a very significant role in the political scene. By combining randomly found objects and traditional media, the artist managed to create appealing portraits for Margaret Thatcher. This is a clear indication that a proper use of mixed media can greatly help in the political engagement of art. It makes it easier for art to go beyond political borders by creating a political content in them. Lastly, mixed art is more aesthetic and

Ethics in Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ethics in Entrepreneurship - Essay Example But in performing such type of operations, Ethics is extremely essential. It is known as the philosophy that an entrepreneur or business organization adheres in its dealings. This means, each and every business organization or entrepreneur comprises of certain rules and principles that its employees need to follow at the time of tackling its operations. Otherwise, the entire business organization might lead to downfall of productivity and profit margin. Apart from Ethics, Morality is another essential term offering high value towards business. Morality is mainly concerned with varied types of values, norms and beliefs that help an individual to detect the right or wrong actions. Thus, the behavior of an individual is highly influenced by such values, beliefs and norms that vary from person to person. With the help of such behaviors, an entrepreneur or individual enhances the prospects of a business organization. So, such values are extremely essential for an entrepreneur. Discussion The characteristics of Ethics in business are as follows: Ethical decisions differ from one person to another. It is mainly due to different views, values, norms and beliefs of varied types of individual. However, each and every types of ideas and values need to be apt for the customers or employees of the organization. Ethical decisions need to be at par with the cost incurred and the profit margin of the business. In order to do so, the entrepreneur needs to offer the products and services in such types of prices to its customers. The decisions of the employees in a business are voluntary their own deeds. So, it is essential for the employees to present ethical decisions that might prove effective for the business in long run (Shaw, 2010). Ethics is a trait of human being that needs to be ethical. Otherwise, being an employee of an organization, he might not be able to take any type of ethical decisions. Not only in his professional life, but ethics is also essential in oneâ€℠¢s private life. If he or she fails to take the ethical decisions, then he or she might never prosper in life in future era. Side by side, due to an unethical decision, not only the image or productivity of the organization might get reduced but also the reputation may decline. The range of customers might get reduced slowly and slowly leading to downfall of the entire profit margin of the organization. Thus, the rate of loyalty over the brand or the entrepreneurial image might get faded among the public day by day. So, it is extremely essential to maintain a strong status and supremacy in the market for the brand and its products on the basis of ethical decisions. Only then, an entrepreneur might prosper. Ethics is a type of characteristics feature of a human being that varies from one individual to another. Moreover, working in a group or an organization, the ethical views and norms of an individual also gets highly influenced by others. Some of the aspects by which, ethics within an organization gets affected are stated below: Religion- as numerous individual works within an organization or under an entrepreneur, some due to diverse religious traditions and norms, ethical decisions also get affected. Thus, sometimes, due to religious variations, the decision making of the individual gets influenced to a certain extent. But still, serving the human being in a best way is the only view

Patients With Neurologic Dysfunction Health And Social Care Essay

Patients With Neurologic Dysfunction Health And Social Care Essay Keshin Himura is a 42-year-old patient diagnosed with pituitary prolactinoma, a benign tumor that arises from the pituitary gland, resulting in a decrease in libido and impotence and increased milk production of the breast. The patient also has complaints of headache and drowsiness and the presence of visual field changes and papilledema preoperatively. What postoperative care should the nurse provide the patient? The nurse should provide the following postoperative care to the patient: Evaluate gag reflex and ability to swallow Offer semisoft diet Perform neurologic checks Monitor vital signs Maintain neurologic flow chart Reorient patient when necessary to person, time and place If with seizures, carefully monitor and and protect from injury Check motor function at intervals Assess for sensory disturbances Evaluate speech The patients family asks the nurse how will they know that the problems the patient had before surgery have stopped; what is the nurses best response? Through observation, conducting series of test that will be provided by the physician (e.g. MRI, CT scans) to check if the tumors are already diminished, because presence of tumor will still inhibit the signs and symptoms of the disorder. The primary objective of the surgical intervention is to remove or destroy the entire tumor without increasing the neurologic deficit and to relieve symptoms by decompression. And if there is no evidence of tumor, the normal levels of hormone would return in usual, the patient will no longer experience the symptoms of the disease. What management strategies should the nurse anticipate will be ordered to care for diabetes insipidus if it occurs? The objective of the therapy is: To replace ADH To ensure adequate fluid replacement To correct the underlying intracranial problem (pituitary prolactinoma) A fluid deprivation test is ordered by the physician to confirm for the diagnosis of diabetes insipidus by: withholding fluids by 8 to 12 hours Patient is weighed frequently during the test Plasma and urine osmolality studies are performed at the beginning and end of the test. The inability to increase the specific gravity and osmolality of the urine is an indication of Diabetes insipidus Pharmacologic Therapy Administer Desmopressin (DDAVP) intranasally, BID as ordered Nursing Management Establish baseline data ( weight, BP, I/O patter), Monitor BP and weight frequently throughout therapy and report sudden changes to physician Monitor I/O and specific gravity and serum osmolality as ordered If patient has Coronary artery disease, use this drug with caution as this drug causes vasoconstriction Avoid concentrated fluids as this increase urine volume What discharge instructions should the nurse provide the patient and family? Most patients will spend at least one night in the intensive care unit (ICU) and then typically 2 or 3 additional nights on a regular (non-ICU) ward after surgery The patient will likely have some incisional pain and mild to moderate headache for which he will be given pain medication. A CT scan or MRI will be ordered before discharge Ask patient to return 2-3weeks after surgery Inform patient to return 2-3months after 1st check-up Inform family to watch out for signs of DI (intense thirst, frequent urination). Refer immediately Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction  Ã‚   Case Study 2 Hiehachi Nishima, a 22-year-old patient who weighs 150 pounds, presents to the emergency department (ED) after being thrown from his horse and passing out for a few minutes; he regained consciousness. The friend who was also riding a horse called the squad. The patient presented with a GCS of 15, and the neuro exam was within normal limits (WNL). The ED physician wrote the orders for a CT scan without contrast of the head, CBC, renal and metabolic profile, PT, PTT, and INR. The nurse sent the labs and had the IV of NS at keep-open rate per ED protocol hanging. The nurse was awaiting radiology to call for the patient to go for the CT when the patient had an epileptic cry, became unconscious, stiffened his entire body, and then had violent muscle contractions. The respirations are very shallow, and the lips and nail bed became blue. The patient lost control of bladder and bowel. The patient bit his tongue and blood is coming from the mouth. The radiology department calls and is ready f or the patient. List in the correct order the actions that should be taken by the nurse. Before and during a seizure, the patient is assessed and the following items are documented: The circumstances before the seizure The occurrence of aura The first thing the patient does in the seizure where movements or stiffness begins, conjugate gaze position, position of head The type of movements in the part of the body involved The areas of the body involved The size of the pupils and whether the eyes are open Whether the eyes or the head are turned to one side The presence or absence of automatisms Incontinence of urine or stool Unconsciousness and its duration Any obvious paralysis or weakness of arms or legs after the seizure Inability to speak after the seizure Movements at the end of the seizure Whether or not the patient sleeps or not afterwards Cognitive status after the seizure In addition to providing data about the seizure, nursing care is directed at preventing injury and supporting the patient not only physically but also psychologically. Consequences such as anxiety, embarrassment, fatigue, and depression can be devastating to the patient. After the patient has a seizure, the nurses role is to document the events leading to and occurring during and after the seizure to prevent complications. Explain what type of seizure the patient is having, and describe the three phases of the patients seizure and the specific nursing care for each stage. The patient had a tonic-clonic (gran mal) seizure. There are three phases namely the aura, the tonic and the clonic phase. In the aura phase is the forewarning of an epileptic attack. It characterized by episodes of Dà ©jà   vu or Jamais vu. The client may also have auditory, olfactory, or even visual hallucinations, abnormal tastes, and tingling sensations. Physical symptoms include dizziness, headache, lightheadedness, nausea, numbness. Though in this case, the client did not show signs of the aura phase. *Nsg Mgt: Provide privacy and protect the patient from curious onlookers Patients who have an aura may have time to seek a safe, private place Ease the patient to the floor, if possible Loosen constrictive clothing Push aside any furniture that may injure the patient during a seizure If an aura precedes the seizure, insert an oral airway to reduce the possibility of the patients biting the tongue The next is the tonic phase. It is usually the shortest part of the seizure, lasting not more than only a few seconds. In this case, it is when the patient had an epileptic cry, became unconscious and stiffened his entire body. *Nsg Mgt: Protect the head with a pad to prevent injury from striking a hard surface If the patient is in bed, remove pillows and raise side rails The last is the clonic phase. It is when the client had violent muscle contractions, very shallow respirations, the lips and nail beds became blue, lost control of bladder and bowel and bit his tongue. *Nsg Mgt: Do not attempt to pry open jaws that are clenched in a spasm or to insert anything. Broken teeth and injury to the lips and tongue may result from such an action. No attempt should be made to restrain the patient during the seizure because muscular contractions are strong and restraint can cause injury If possible, place the patient on one side with head flexed forward, which allows the tongue to fall forward and facilitates drainage of saliva and mucus. If suction is available, use if necessary to clear secretions. The ED physician orders the following: Valium (diazepam) 10 mg every 10 to 15 minutes prn for seizures (maximum dose of 30 mg). Once seizures stop, administer Dilantin (phenytoin) 10 mg/kg IVPB. ECG monitoring continuously, VS, GCS, neuro checks every 30 minutes. Explain what meds the nurse should provide, in what order, and how they should be administered. The nurse should provide Valium injection (diazepam) 10 mg IM PRN every 10 to 15 mins. (max 30mg) for his seizure to relief the muscle spasm. For the long term relief, administer Dilantin (phenytoin) 10 mg/kg IVPB loading dose STAT, once the seizures stop. Dilantin (phenytoin) is an anti-seizure medication (anticonvulsant), especially to prevent tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures and complex partial seizures (psychomotor seizures).We use piggyback to administer different IV drugs at different times. Dilantin can cause irritability to the veins and can cause serious tissue and/or nerve damage if it infiltrates. So we should administer it with normal saline. Draw up the drugs in a syringe and attach it to the piggyback port on the IV tubing cassette, which is run concurrently with the primary IV fluid (normal saline). Run it slowly and keep an eye on the ECG monitor. This ECG monitoring should be done continuously to help identify irregular heartbeats. For the vital signs, Glasgow coma scale and neuro V/S, it should be check every 30 minutes to provide reliable, objective way of recording the conscious state of a person for initial as well as subsequent assessment. Group Assignments Have each member address nursing management related to caring for an unconscious patient. Preventing Urinary Retention Palpate bladder at intervals to determine whether urinary retention is present If patient is not voiding, an indwelling catheter is inserted and connected to a closed drainage system as ordered Observe for fever and cloudy urine for infection Observe the area around the urethral orifice for any drainage As soon as consciousness is regained, a bladder-training program initiated Promote Bowel Function Assess abdomen for distention by listening for bowel sounds (irregular gurgling sounds should be heard every 5-20sec) Measuring the girth of the abdomen with a tape measure. Monitor for the number and consistency of bowel movements Perform rectal examination for signs of fecal impaction as ordered. Stool softeners may be prescribed and can be administered with tube feedings Glycerin suppository may be indicated to facilitate bowel emptying May require enema every other day to empty lower colon Maintain Skin and Joint Integrity Monitor pressure areas for possible ulcerations Establish a regular schedule of turning to avoid pressure, which can cause breakdown and necrosis of the skin This provides kinesthetic, proprioceptive and vestibular stimulation Avoid dragging and pulling the patient up in the bed, because this creates a shearing force and friction on the skin surface Maintain correct body position Passive exercise of the extremities is important to prevent contractures Splints or foam boots may be used to prevent foot drop and pressure of bedding on the toes Trochanter rolls may be used to support the hip joints and keep the legs in proper alignment Providing Mouth Care Inspect mouth for dryness, inflammation, and crusting Cleanse and rinse mouth carefully to remove secretions and crusts and to keep the mucous membranes moist Administer petrolatum on the lips to prevent drying, cracking and encrustations. If patient has an endotracheal tube, the tube should be moved to the opposite side of the mouth and lips Perform routine tooth brushing every 8hrs to decrease ventilator-associated pneumonia Maintaining the Airway Elevate the head of bed to 30 degrees to prevent aspiration. Place the client in lateral position to allow the jaw and tongue to fall forward to promote drainage of secretions. Suction for secretions as needed Maintain oral hygiene Chest physiotherapy and postural drainage to promote pulmonary hygiene Auscultate the patients chest every 8 hours to assess for any deviated breath sounds. If the patient has a mechanical ventilator, maintain the patency of the endotracheal tube or tracheostomy, provide oral care, monitor arterial blood gas measurements and maintaining ventilator settings. Protecting the Patient Raise side rails up as always to prevent injury Ensure the patients dignity during altered LOC, speaking to the client during nursing care activities. Maintaining Fluid Balance and Managing Nutritional Needs Assess skin turgor and mucous membrane for dryness Monitor for intake and output and determine the needs for catheterization Preserving Corneal Integrity Patients eyes may be cleansed with cotton balls moistened with sterile normal saline to remove any discharge. For artificial tears (prescription by the physician), may introduce every 2 hours. Maintaining Body Temperature The environment can be adjusted (depending on the patients condition) to promote normal body temperature. If body temperature is elevated, a minimum amount of bedding is used. For geriatric patients and doesnt have any elevated temperature, a warmer environment is needed. Providing Sensory Stimulation Communicate with patient, and encourage the family members to do it so. Orient the patient to time, date, and place once for every 8 hours. Have each group member develop a nursing diagnosis related to a patient with an altered level of consciousness. Identify potential problems and complications related to the nursing diagnosis. Nursing Diagnosis Potential Problems and Complications 1. Ineffective airway clearance related to altered level of consciousness Aspiration 2. Risk for impaired skin integrity related to prolonged immobility Bed sore Pressure ulceration 3. Impaired Urinary elimination: retention related to impairment in neurologic sensing and control Bladder distention Infection Formation of stones 4. Impaired tissue integrity of cornea related to diminished or absent corneal reflex Periorbital edema Ulcerations Corneal abrasions 5. Deficient fluid volume related to inability to take fluids by mouth Dehydration Cerebral edema 6. Interrupted family processes related to changes in the cognitive and physical status of their loved one Crisis Severe anxiety, denial, anger, remorse, grief, and reconciliation 7. Risk for injury related to decreased LOC Falls 8. Ineffective thermoregulation related to damage to hypothalamic center Hyperthermia 9. Impaired oral mucous membrane related to mouth breathing , absence of pharyngeal reflex and altered fluid intake Dryness Inflammation Crusting 10. Bowel incontinence related to impairment neurologic sensing and control Abdominal distention Diarrhea Frequent loose stools As a group, identify potential complications that may arise in the postoperative phase of cranial surgery. Increased ICP Monro-Kellie hypothesis states that, because of the limited space for expansion within the skull, an increase in any one of the components causes a change in the volume of the others.because brain tissue has limited space to expand, compensation typically is accomplished by displacing or shifting CSF, increasing the absorption or diminishing the production of CSF, or decreasing cerebral volume resulting to an increase ICP. Bleeding and hypovolemic shock An accumulation of blood under the bone flap (extradural, subdural, or intracerebral hematoma) may pose a threat to life. A clot must be suspected in any patient who does not awaken as expected or whose conditions deteriorates. Fluid and electrolyte disturbances IV solutions and blood component therapy for patients with intracranial conditions must be administered slowly. If they are administered too rapidly, they can increase ICP. The quantity of fluids administered may be restricted to minimize the possibility of cerebral edema. Infection The risk of infection is great when ICP is monitored with an intraventricular catheter and increases with the duration of the monitoring. Seizures Underlying cause is an electrical disturbance in the nerve cells in one section of the brain. An abnormal motor, sensory, autonomic, or physical activity that result from sudden excessive discharge from cerebral neurons. Have each group member identify a type of seizure. Describe clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of each. Generalized Seizures: This are seizures that mainly involves electrical charges in the whole brain, its clinical manifestations includes loss of consciousness for a short or long period of time. Types of Seizure Clinical Manifestation Grand Mal or Generalized tonic-clonic Unconsciousness Convulsions Muscle rigidity Absence Short loss of unconsciousness Myoclonic Irregular jerky movements Clonic Repetitive jerky movements Tonic Muscle stiffness and rigidity Atonic Loss of muscle tone Diagnosis: Physical examination particularly neurologic examination EEG For temporary and reversible causes of seizures: Blood chemistry Blood sugar Complete Blood Count Cerebrospinal fluid analysis Kidney function test Liver function tests Test to determine the cause and location: EEG (electroencephalograph) to measure the electrical activity in the brain Head CT or MRI scan Lumbar puncture-spinal tap Treatment: When a seizure occurs, protect the person from injury, make the environment safe for you and the patient. Protect the patients head Loosen tight clothing Place the patient into a side-lying position if vomiting occurs Stay with patient until she or he is fully recovered Monitor the patients vital signs Medications such as anticonvulsants may be given as ordered to reduce the number of future seizures. The DONTs During Seizures: Dont restrain the patient Dont place anything between the patients teeth during a seizure Dont move the patient unless he or she is in danger or near something hazardous Dont try to stop the patient from convulsing. Partial Seizures: This are seizures that mainly involves electrical charges in one part of the brain, its clinical manifestations includes abnormal muscle movements, automatisms, abnormal sensations, hallucinations, nausea, sweating, dilated pupils, rapid heart rate and pulse rate, changes in vision. Types of Seizure Clinical Manifestation Simple (consciousness is intact) Jerky movements Muscle rigidity, spasm Unusual sensation Memory and emotional disturbance Complex (consciousness is impaired) Automatisms: lip smacking, chewing, walking and repetitive involuntary and coordinated movements Diagnosis: CT scan MRI EEG EEG-video recordings Treatment: Vagus Nerve Stimulation in which a small battery is implanted in the chest wall which will program to deliver short bursts of energy to the brain. Corpus Callosotomy is a type of surgical intervention that will cut the connections between the two sides of the brain that will prevent drop attacks.. Multiple sub-pial transection which is a surgical technique that will cut a certain connection between nerve cells.